The Kosel Tunnels©

 

Many mefarshim ask why in Parashas Emor, in the verses about the different chagim, there is an insert about the mitzvah of leket, peah and shichecha, inbetween the verses discussing Shavuos and the Yamin Nora’im. Rav Baruch Rosenblum saw in an old sefer the following explanation: The insert about these land related mitzvos alludes to the 9th of Av, which falls between the two aforementioned chagim. These three commandments instruct us to leave over produce in our fields. Hashem keeps Torah and His field is Zion (Har HaBayis) when Tzion (Har Habayis), was ploughed over, Hashem kivyachol left over the Kosel, a heavenly leket, peah and shichecha.

The Kosel is the biggest makom tefillah in the world, and millions of people from all walks of life visiting it each year. The Kosel (i.e., the open section, which people refer to as the Kosel) comprises only 60 meters of the 488 meters of the western retaining wall of Har Habayis.

The first section of the Western Wall runs from the south-western corner of the Temple Mount until the Mugrabie Gate and is found today in what is called the Davidson Center, and is part of the Southern Wall Excavations. Here the wall has been exposed to the level of Second Temple street (paved by Agripas II), which runs alongside it.

The rest of the Western Wall is found within the vaults and arches of the Kosel Tunnels. In this column I would like to take you on a guided tour though these fascinating underground labyrinths. This will be an awe-inspiring journey through time; enthralling lessons in Jewish history will be learned, and the archaeology and topography of Yerushalayim will be studied.

The Donkey Stable

We enter though the arched doorway into a room that was built at the end of the Middle Ages, and that British explorer Charles Warren called “The Donkey Stable.” Here we stand around a half-circle model of the topography of ancient Yerushalayim (before it was called so), as it looked after Creation. The place of Har Hamoriah is represented. Here we find the even hashesiyah, the embryonic stone from which Hashem created the world. Here the first man was created. The place of the altar is in very close proximity to the foundation stone.

We are told by Chazal “Makom hamizbe’ach mechuvan b’yoseir.” The altar’s location must be exact, as this is the very spot on which Adam Harishon built his altar and sacrificed. Here Kayin and Hevel also brought their gifts to Hashem. It was here that Shem sacrificed an offering, in Noach’s stead, after the Mabul. Noach had been crippled by the lion when he had delayed bringing the animal its food and consequently was passul from being able to bring up korbanos. It was here that Avraham Avinu withstood the greatest of tests and was ready to sacrifice his beloved son Yitzchak, all for love of Hashem.

Shmuel Hanavi and Dovid Hamelech learned all night and discovered that this would be the place of the future Beis Hamikdash. Dovid captured the city from the Yevusim and bought the place of the Temple Mount for good money. Dovid was not allowed to build the Beis Hamikdash, but he prepared everything for its construction, down to its finest detail. He even wrote the songs the Levi’im would sing in it each day.

Shlomo, the son of Dovid, built the first BeisHamikdash, which stood 410 years. It was destroyed by the Babylonians. Seventy years later the Jews returned and rebuilt the second Beis Hamikdash.

Herod (born 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE) reconstructed the Temple in a most magnificent fashion, as an atonement offering for having killed the chachamim. At that time he enlarged the area of the Temple Mount to the north and to the south and built strong retaining walls. As the Antonia Mount to the northwest of Har Habayis was in the way of the enlargement, he shaved it and rolled its stones downward to the south, where he used these stones to fill in the southern part of the area that sloped downward.

This splendid building of the Beis Hamikdash stood till 70 CE when, to our great pain, it was destroyed by the Romans, who built a pagan temple in its stead. The years passed and when the early Umayyad Muslims ruled in Jerusalem, they built the Dome of the Rock in 691 CE. The Crusader king Frederick II of Hohenstaufen was crowned as king of Jerusalem on 18 March 1229. At that time the city was divided in two.

When the Crusaders were eventually vanquished, the Mamelukes claimed that the reason the Crusaders were able to divide the city was because the upper city was separated from the Temple Mount by the Tyropoeon Valley (Cheese-Makers Valley). They therefore built a labyrinth of arches and vaults and raised the level of their homes so they could have close direct access to the Temple Mount. The Kosel Tunnels were dug beneath these arches.

The ‘Secret Passage’

We now enter the Secret Passage that is named for a fanciful Medieval legend that Dovid Hamelech used this underground walkway to travel unseen from his palace to the Temple Mount. The citadel that the myth claims as Dovid’s palace is actually a Crusader castle, even though it is now what we call Migdal Dovid.

The vault system you walk through consists of the arches the Arabs built in the latter part of the 13th century. At that time, the vaults were sealed in order to create water cisterns. Looking upward you see a huge arch with openings in the stonework so that those dwelling above could lower vessels into a water supply directly under their houses.

During the Second Temple times, there stood an arch that spanned 42 feet and supported a road (bridge) that ran 75 feet above the Herodian pavement and Tyropoeon Valley below, and is today called Wilson’s Arch (after Charles Wilson, a 19th century explorer of Jerusalem). The road atop Wilson’s Arch gave access to a gate that was level with the Temple Mount during Herodian times. The surviving top of this arch is supported against the Western Wall. (It is believed that Wilson’s Arch was the first of a series of arches that continued westward. A number of arches were subsequently discovered in recent years.)

Josephus mentions the bridge that this arch was part of and says it connected the Temple Mount to the upper city on the Western Hill, on the other side of the Central Valley. The bridge carried water, through an aqueduct, to the Temple Mount from Solomon’s Pools. Josephus

also claims that the Jews themselves destroyed the bridge in order to curtail the Roman advance to the Makom HaMikdash during the Churban.

In the 130s CE, tragically, the Roman tyrant Hadrian transformed Jerusalem into a center of pagan worship and renamed it Colonia Aelia Capitolina. The Romans rebuilt the bridge, using two parallel arches for support instead of the one original arch.

In 2005, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation under the Rabbi of the Kosel, Rabbi Shmuel Rabinovich, initiated a major three-year renovation effort. The arch was strengthened so that people could come and use the Wilson area to pray in. Today there is a shul, with a women’s gallery, under the Wilson Arch.

Glass Window Showing Mikveh

Standing in the hall (dubbed the Bar Mitzvah Hall) that is under the Wilson Arch Shul, one senses being underground. However, if one looks down into the glass window in the floor — near the wooden steps one just came down — it will be seen that at least 12 meters had been dug out beneath, to reach ground level. At the bottom of this pit one can see a First Beis Hamikdash period mikveh. The laws of tumah and taharah were adhered to stringently when the Beis Hamikdash was in existence. Many mikvaos have been discovered in the area.

Two levels below is the Mikveh Hall, with remains of a keilim mikveh (whose water source is in Ir David) and  two other Second Temple mikvaos. One of them is full of water, and is used nowadays by many chasanim to tovel on their wedding day. The Islamic world has been denying that there was a Beis Hamikdash on Har Habayis, but the existence of literally hundreds of mikvaos in the area — and the ones seen here so close to the Temple Mount — disprove their spurious allegations.

These mikvaos show that we were here and kept all the halachos connected with taharah and tumah that were needed to enter and perform the avodah in the Beis Hamikdash which stood on Har Habayis. The Chashmona’im room is found on the same level as the Mikveh Hall.

The Chashmona’im Hall

The Chashmona’im Hall is part of a group of constructions from the Second Beis Hamikdash era, which are located very close to the Temple Mount. So far, three halls have been found and were numbered 8, 9, and 10, 10 being the Chashmona’im Hall. At the time they were built, it seems that they were all open to their southern side.

It is not known what function these rooms served, but for the reasons stated below it is thought by some that they were used for a kodesh purpose. Firstly, the outside wall (found in the Mikveh Hall) of the Chashmona’im Hall has beautiful, large, framed stones. These are found in only three other sites, all of which were used for holy purposes — Alon Mamre, Me’aras Hamachpeilah, and Har Habayis. Secondly, all the gates of the Beis Hamikdash had double (or triple) entrances and this hall has a double doorway.

Others say that because the bottoms of the walls of these three succeeding chambers were covered in waterproofing, it could be that they were part of a large bathhouse complex. Behind area 9, an enormous water cistern was found. On the back wall of this room are beautiful, square columns with intricately carved capitals that have holes in them, which might have served as fountains.

Although this room is called Chashmona’im Hall, it is actually from the Herodian period. The reason it is called the Chashmona’im Hall is that it was opened to the public on Chanukah. Another reason for this name is that Charles Warren named the hall “the Masonic Hall” since he was a Freemason and the Freemasons met in this hall. The name “Chashmona’im Hall” sounds similar to its English name.

The stones of the walls of these rooms have a unique dressing, consisting of Herodian frames of delicate “margins” and smooth “bosses.” On the back wall of the Chashmona’im Hall one sees a decorative cornice that originally ran the whole way around the room. It seems that this type of “shelf” was also part of rooms 8 and 9, as delineating marks are seen in them.

Above the cornice in the Chashmona’im Hall,behind glass, one sees ball-like stones. These are catapulting stones, the ancient equivalent of artillery, which were probably launched by the Romans during their attack on Yerushalayim in 70 C.E., and later against the Bar Kochba rebellion in 132 C.E.

Behind this glass one can also see the “heart wall” that runs through all three rooms and which supported the road leading up to the Wilson Arch. Viewed in the centre of the room is a Corinthian pillarthat was brought into the room during the Middle Ages to support the ceiling, which had been damaged during the course of time.

Also seen is a modern-day iron support. Golda Meir came to visit the Chashmona’im Hall and was fearful the ceiling would collapse on her head. So this piece of metal was installed before her visit to allay her fears.

The back wall of the Chashmona’im Hall is Roman. Right behind it is the Hall of Ages.

The Hall of Ages

This chamber is about 7 meters in length and 4 to 5 in width, and is more than three thousand years old. It was opened to the public in 2009 and is called the “Heichal Hatekufot,” or the Hall of Ages, because it contains archaeological finds from different ancient periods.

After the Six Day War, as the Kosel tunnels were being dug and investigated, safety experts and engineers warned that one small enclosed area adjacent to the Herodian Hall was in danger of collapsing and could cause all the tunnels to collapse. Consequently, this space was filled in with cement and areas around it were explored in its stead.

As work progressed, the whole system of the tunnels was strengthened, and eventually it was determined that the cemented area could be dug out. Window-like holes were made in its frontal wall … and the Hall of Ages was unearthed.

In the Hall of Ages, one encounters the historical timeline of Yerushalayim — spanning more than three thousand years until the current day. Standing on the wooden deck around the sides of the vault, you look over a waist-high bar into a large, gaping hole. The floor of this pit is a First Beis Hamikdash era street with asmall water hole, maybe from the time of Chezkiyahu, or even earlier.

On a slightly higher level in the cavity is a large Chashmona’im water pool that is 28 meters by 28 meters. (A similar one is found in Beit She’an.) One can also see a Herodian wall in the pit. The frontal wall mentioned earlier is from Roman times. On one of the side walls is the early Muslim period entrance. Toward the rear of the pit, one can see a Crusader arch balancing on the side and crowning the other findings. While the digging was in process, this arch disintegrated and had to be reconstructed.

Although most of the roof is modern-day 21st century cement, the section over the doorway is a Mameluke arch and holds up the Arab Macrmay (law court) building above it, which is seen from the Kosel and is now a police station. The back wall of this room is from the 21st century.

Second Temple Model

Returning to the Bar Mitzvah Hall level, one can see that the table and chairs in this area are transparent, in an attempt to make them as inconspicuous as possible so as to preserve the ancient atmosphere. Behind a false stone is a computer that shows what is going on at the Kosel Tunnels.

Entering though a grated iron gateway, continue walking along the narrow wooden boards to reach a model of the Second Beis Hamikdash created by Reb Zalman Menachem Koren. Here we will sit and we will view the model and hear an explanation on the whole area.

to be continued

Nidbach Raba

After the Second Temple model, descending the steps, one can see a row of four huge stones, the largest building stones ever discovered in Israel. Many claim that they are the largest building stones ever used in world history. These gigantic stones — with a Herodian frame of delicate “margins” and smooth “bosses” — are referred to as the “Nidbach Raba” or “Master Course.” They were built by Herod and lie nine rows above the bedrock.

The largest of the four, the “Western Stone,” is a solid piece of hewn limestone almost 45 feet long (13.6 meters) — the length of an accordion bus — and over 10 feet high (3.15 meters), and estimated from between 11 to 15 feet deep (3.5 to 4.5 meters). It weighs more than 570 tons, the weight of 67 large African elephants, and is one of the heaviest objects ever lifted by man without powered machinery.

The next-largest stone of the four is 40 feet (12.6 meters) long.

These master stones are covered in rectangular holes, as the enormous four-winged room where they were found (and in which they are now) had been turned into a large cistern prior to the 13th century. The whole area, including the retaining western wall of the

Temple Mount, had been plastered over so it could retain water.

As the smooth Herodian Kosel stones are not suitable to hold cement, these square holes were carved out of the wall of the Kosel, into which protruding square stone pegs were set. A thick, rough wall was built adjacent to the Kosel around these pegs, which acted as stabilizers. This “rough wall” was then plastered over.

Holy of Holies Shul and the Warren Gate

From the Nidbach Raba the Kosel Tunnel runs north for more than 1,115 feet [340 m] alongside the Western Wall and cuts its way under the shops and houses of the Arab section of the Old City of Jerusalem.

About 150 feet (46 m) within this tunnel lies a blocked gate. The gate was called Shaar Yehudah during Temple times and is now referred to as the Warren Gate, after 19th-century British archeologist Charles Warren, who conducted extensive explorations of the Wall around 1867.

During the Second bbais Hamikdash, the Temple Mount plaza was much higher than the street that ran along the western retaining wall. The Warren Gate led into an underground passageway that led up into the Temple Mount. (Even nowadays, on the other side of  this now-sealed gate are a tunnel and a staircase of 15 steps that lead up to the surface of Har Habayis.)

As the gate was 18 meters above street level, there was a terrace in front of it which was reached by steps. Today, the floor of this terrace is still composed of original paving stones from the Herodian street that ran parallel to the Western Wall (Wall Street).

When the Temple was destroyed, this gate was abandoned. Around the year 638, when the Muslims under Rashidun Caliphate conquered Jerusalem from the Byzantines, Jews were permitted to establish a synagogue near this gate.

It was the main shul of Yerushalyim of that time and was known as Ha’maarah or “the Cave.” There are documents in the Cairo Genizah, testifying about the use of the Cave.

In 1099 Crusaders captured the city and annihilated the local Jewish community by sealing them in this shul and burning them alive. The Crusaders turned the arch space into a cistern.

Around 1187, when Saladin recaptured the city, the whole area was covered over and became completely inaccessible.

For centuries Jews dreamt of returning once again to the site of Ha’maarah and being again able to pray at this entrance to the makom haMikdash, opposite the Holy of Holies. After the Six Day War, Rabbi Yehuda Getz, z”l, concretized this dream and opened a small synagogue, also calling it “the Cave,” opposite the sealed-off Warren’s entrance.

Nowadays the indented, sealed Warren’s Gate is viewed behind a waist-high glass fence. The top of the gate is covered in glass through which one can see the Chamfers (a shallow-cut edge, or groove, usually at an angle of 45 degrees to a corner) at the gates’ corners.

The Even Shesiyah, the place of the Kodesh Kodashim, is 14 meters long and is now found, to our great pain, under the golden Dome of the Rock. Slightly further down the Kosel Tunnels from Warren’s Gate, and up three steps, is the place where many come and pour their hearts out, since it is assumed by many to be (together with the Warren Gate), the closest point a Jew can get to the Kodesh Kodashim today. If one examines the wall at the back of this enclave carefully, a natural map of Eretz Yisrael formed by the moisture of the place, is seen. The stone in the middle of the archway is moist, as if Hashem is softly crying in sympathy for all the pain of Klal Yisrael and with those who daven in this place, which is literally at the gates of prayer.

1033 Earthquake

A letter found in the Cairo Genizah told of an earthquake in the year 1033 that destroyed 60 amos (cubits) of the Western Wall and asking for funds to restore it. It seems that this is the section where the wall was rebuilt.

The Tunnel

At this point, continuing along, one enters what is known as “the Tunnel.” This very long, straight passage was originally an open promenade (Wall Street) along the entire length of the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. Every effort was made to maintain the structural integrity of the buildings above, while revealing the full length of the Western Wall.

As you walk along, you will note that these stones were perfectly preserved by their remaining underground for hundreds of years. Each row of stones is slightly set back from the row beneath it. Thus, the illusion of a perfectly straight wall is attained. Paradoxically, had the stones been exactly aligned, the wall would have appeared to be leaning forward.

The modern-day iron pillars holding up the roof of the Kosel Tunnels do not touch the Western Wall because of their kedushah. Some say that the wall to the left is a First Temple wall from the days of Shlomo

Hamelech.

Walking along, you will reach a glass floor window. Looking down, your heart will contract in pain upon seeing the fallen stones from the Churban. Walking further brings you to a second glass window that showsthe bedrock below.

to be continued

Herodian Street Square

During the times of the Second Bais Hamikdash, the Herodian Street Square promenade ran the full length of the Western Wall (Wall Street!), with many shops on either side. Here people would buy animals and birds for korbanos, and other necessary items. Moneychangers were also found here.

On the wall opposite the Kosel are two columns that are presumed to be an entrance to a shop. The vault system above was built in the 14th century.

The well-planned, paved stone flooring beneath is from Herodian times. Why one huge paving stone was never incorporated into the floor is up for conjecture. The street had gutters to carry away rainwater.

Here the bedrock of the Western Wall that rises above the Herodian street level has been edged and chiseled to look like the building blocks used in building the Herodian Western Wall.

Quarries

Where did the original stones for the whole Wall come from? At first it was believed that Herod quarried his stones from Tzedekiah’s Cave, north of the Old City. But when the quarry to the left was discovered, it was immediately seen that the stones being carved out matched the average size of those of the Western Wall. Today, most historians conclude that most of the stones of the

Western Wall were taken from this area.

Cistern

Throughout the centuries, different aqueducts, pools and cisterns were made to divert, channel and hold water for the city and the Bais Hamikdash. On this tour of the Tunnels, one explores three waterways that brought and held water for the people, the Bais Hamikdash, and their needs. First, there is an ancient Chashmona’I water cistern. Next is a Chashmona’i aqueduct that brought water to the cistern near and under the Temple.

Chashmona’i Aqueduct

After the square, one turns left into the ancient Chashmona’i aqueduct. And finally, we reach the “Struthion Pool,” which dates back to Herod’s time. Continuing along the “Tunnel,” one approaches the Northwest Hill, where the street starts to rise upward. Here, at the end of the first Bais Hamikdash, a fortress called the “Baris” or “Tower of Chananel” was built. This fortress is mentioned in Nechemiah.

The Baris was used as a palace by the Chashmona’im. The waterworks underneath the fortress were praised in a 3rd century B.C.E. source. Underneath the fortress were cisterns used by the people in the fortress. When Herod enlarged Har Habayis northward, he levelled the Baris and actually dug into the bedrock, making it level with the rest of the Mount. Nothing was left of the Baris except the water cisterns underneath, which Herod used. Water is, obviously, a priority to enable living in any area, and maintaining a consistent water supply in Yerushalayim has always been challenging.

Herod kept part of the cistern as a reservoir for rain, but covered up the rest with the street that ran parallel with the wall. In order to ensure that people wouldn’t fall into the cistern, he installed a large guardrail. To one’s left is the cistern and the guardrail, and to the right is the original stairway leading down into the cistern.

The tunnel twists and turns, and at last, covered by a large stone arch, leads to a reservoir pool.

Antonia Fortress And the Struthion Pool

Before the pool that served as a moat for the north-western corner of the Antonia Fortress was

constructed, the aqueduct ran from the north into this area, servicing the city and Har Habayis. On expanding the Temple area, Herod blocked off the southern side of the aqueduct, and the pool was split into two parts. The southern section no longer had any function, but the northern section continued to bring rainwater into the pool.

The Bar Kochba revolt ended in defeat in 135 C.E. The Roman Emperor Hadrian turned the entire pool area into a marketplace. They covered the pool by first dividing it into two, with a wall along its length. They then placed two arches fanning out in opposite directions from this wall. A square platform which served as a marketplace was built on top of these arches.

In the 19th century, when the foundation for the Convent of the Sisters of Zion was being dug, they discovered the ancient pool and aqueduct. To prevent strangers and explorers from entering their convent from underground, the nuns had another wall built, splitting the pool again, width-wise,

Only the northern side of the Struthion Pool can be seen, as going into the convent causes halachic problems.

At this point, one will have reached the end of the excavations.

In September 1996, the exit through a small tunnel leading up to the Via Dolorosa was opened, thus affording thousands of additional tourists access to the Tunnels.

Days of violence followed, sparked by angry Palestinians claiming that this change in the

Tunnels had involved excavating under the Dome of the Rock. Tragically, many people on both sides died because of this lie.

The Tunnels are not located under the Temple Mount or any other site Muslims consider theirs.

As one leaves the dark developing calm of the Kosel Tunnels, one exits through the modern turnstile—so out of place among the history-laden ancient stones.

Now is the time to take a moment to consider the miracle of the survival of the Western Wall, the place about which Hashem promised that His Shechinah will always reside.